Cost of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment from the patient perspective in Lusaka, Zambia.

SETTING: Urban primary health centres in Lusaka, Zambia. OBJECTIVES: 1) To estimate patient costs for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment and 2) to identify determinants of patient costs. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 103 adult TB patients who had been on treatment for 1-3 months was conducted using a standardised questionnaire. Direct and indirect costs were estimated, converted into US$ and categorised into two time periods: 'pre-diagnosis/care-seeking' and 'post-diagnosis/treatment'. Determinants of patient costs were analysed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The median total patient costs for diagnosis and 2 months of treatment was $24.78 (interquartile range 13.56-40.30) per patient--equivalent to 47.8% of patients' median monthly income. Sex, patient delays in seeking care and method of treatment supervision were significant predictors of total patient costs. The total direct costs as a proportion of income were higher for women than men (P < 0.001). Treatment costs incurred by patients on the clinic-based directly observed treatment strategy were more than three times greater than those incurred by patients on the self-administered treatment strategy (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Clinic-based treatment supervision posed a significant economic burden on patients. The creation or strengthening of community-based treatment supervision programmes would have the greatest potential impact on reducing patients' TB-related costs.