Health care reform in the former Soviet Union: beyond the transition.

OBJECTIVE: To assess accessibility and affordability of health care in eight countries of the former Soviet Union. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Primary data collection conducted in 2010 in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional household survey using multistage stratified random sampling. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Data were collected using standardized questionnaires with subjects aged 18+ on demographic, socioeconomic, and health care access characteristics. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were used. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Almost half of respondents who had a health problem in the previous month which they viewed as needing care had not sought care. Respondents significantly less likely to seek care included those living in Armenia, Georgia, or Ukraine, in rural areas, aged 35-49, with a poor household economic situation, and high alcohol consumption. Cost was most often cited as the reason for not seeking health care. Most respondents who did obtain care made out-of-pocket payments, with median amounts varying from $13 in Belarus to $100 in Azerbaijan. CONCLUSIONS: Access to health care and within-country inequalities appear to have improved over the past decade. However, considerable problems remain, including out-of-pocket payments and unaffordability despite efforts to improve financial protection.