Fecal biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction and the gut microbiota of rural Malawian children: an observational study

<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a subclinical condition of the gut characterized by changes in morphology and function with underlying chronic inflammatory responses. This study characterized composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in rural Malawian children with and without signs of EED. Fecal samples were collected from children aged 1-59 months. Neopterin, myeloperoxidase and alpha-1 antitrypsin concentrations were quantified by ELISA and combined to form a composite EED score using principal component analysis. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and V4-16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiota. The concentrations of all three biomarkers decreased with increasing age, which is consistent with other studies of children living in similar low-income settings. <jats:italic>Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Actinobacteria</jats:italic> were the dominant phyla while <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium</jats:italic> were the most prevalent genera. Increased alpha diversity was associated with a reduction in neopterin concentration. Microbiota composition was associated with the composite EED score. Increased abundance of <jats:italic>Succinivibrio</jats:italic> was associated with reduced composite EED scores.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights</jats:title><jats:list list-type="bullet"><jats:list-item><jats:p>In Malawian children, fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase, alpha-1 antitrypsin and neopterin decreased with age</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>A marginal negative association was found between alpha diversity of the gut microbiota and fecal neopterin concentration</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>A higher abundance of <jats:italic>Succinivibrio</jats:italic> was found in children with lower concentrations of biomarker of environmental enteric dysfunction</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Fatty acid biosynthesis, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and pyrimidine nucleotide degradation pathways were associated with environmental enteric dysfunction biomarker score</jats:p></jats:list-item></jats:list></jats:sec>