Estimating global, regional and national rotavirus deaths in children aged <5 years: Current approaches, new analyses and proposed improvements.

Andrew Clark ORCID logo; Robert Black; Jacqueline Tate; Anna Roose; Karen Kotloff; Diana Lam ORCID logo; William Blackwelder ORCID logo; Umesh Parashar; Claudio Lanata; Gagandeep Kang; +9 more... Christopher Troeger; James Platts-Mills; Ali Mokdad; Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network; Colin Sanderson ORCID logo; Laura Lamberti; Myron Levine ORCID logo; Mathuram Santosham; Duncan Steele; (2017) Estimating global, regional and national rotavirus deaths in children aged <5 years: Current approaches, new analyses and proposed improvements. PloS one, 12 (9). e0183392-. ISSN 1932-6203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183392
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BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is a leading cause of diarrhoeal mortality in children but there is considerable disagreement about how many deaths occur each year. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We compared CHERG, GBD and WHO/CDC estimates of age under 5 years (U5) rotavirus deaths at the global, regional and national level using a standard year (2013) and standard list of 186 countries. The global estimates were 157,398 (CHERG), 122,322 (GBD) and 215,757 (WHO/CDC). The three groups used different methods: (i) to select data points for rotavirus-positive proportions; (ii) to extrapolate data points to individual countries; (iii) to account for rotavirus vaccine coverage; (iv) to convert rotavirus-positive proportions to rotavirus attributable fractions; and (v) to calculate uncertainty ranges. We conducted new analyses to inform future estimates. We found that acute watery diarrhoea was associated with 87% (95% CI 83-90%) of U5 diarrhoea hospitalisations based on data from 84 hospital sites in 9 countries, and 65% (95% CI 57-74%) of U5 diarrhoea deaths based on verbal autopsy reports from 9 country sites. We reanalysed data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) and found 44% (55% in Asia, and 32% in Africa) rotavirus-positivity among U5 acute watery diarrhoea hospitalisations, and 28% rotavirus-positivity among U5 acute watery diarrhoea deaths. 97% (95% CI 95-98%) of the U5 diarrhoea hospitalisations that tested positive for rotavirus were entirely attributable to rotavirus. For all clinical syndromes combined the rotavirus attributable fraction was 34% (95% CI 31-36%). This increased by a factor of 1.08 (95% CI 1.02-1.14) when the GEMS results were reanalysed using a more sensitive molecular test. CONCLUSIONS: We developed consensus on seven proposals for improving the quality and transparency of future rotavirus mortality estimates.


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