Lethal mesenteric ischaemia after cardiopulmonary bypass: a common complication?
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was twofold: (1) to identify the incidence of acute mesenteric ischaemia (A.M.Isc.) following cardiopulmonary bypass and (2) to identify factors associated with its development. METHODS: A retrospective review of all autopsy reports from 1st January 1994 to 31st December 2000 was undertaken. Fifty-two patients were identified with acute mesenteric ischaemia at post-mortem following cardiac surgery. Demographic, pre-, intra- and post-operative variables were collected from their case notes. Four age, sex and period matched controls [n=208 (4 x 52)] were randomly selected for each case. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare the cases and controls. RESULTS: A total of 11,202 patients underwent surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during the study period with an overall mortality rate of 3%. The autopsy rate was 95% throughout the study period. From autopsy reports 52 patients (corrected for autopsy rate: 0.49% of group) were identified with A.M.Isc. Comparing controls with A.M.Isc. cases by univariate analysis, significant associations (P</=0.001) with A.M.Isc. were identified. These included: (1) peripheral vascular disease [15 (7%) vs. 14 (27%)]; (2) intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) use [5 (2%) vs. 22 (42%)]; (3) post-operative renal failure [2 (1%) vs. 32 (61%)]; (4) operation type (coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) alone [143 (69%) vs. 25 (48%)], valve alone [35 (17%) vs. 5 (10%)], valve+CABG [23 (11%) vs. 11 (21%)], major cardiac [7 (3%) vs. 11 (21%)]); (5) priority of operation (elective [155 (75%) vs. 27 (52%) emergency 52 (25%) vs. 25 (48%)]; and (6) smoking 12 (7%) vs. 9 (17%). CPB and cross-clamp times (minutes) were also significantly different between the groups [median (inter-quartile range (IQR)); 72 (55,96) vs. 100 (76,128) and 39 (30,54) vs. 56 (37,84), respectively]. Neither diabetes 23 (11%) vs. 6 (12%) nor hypertension 102 (49%) vs. 26 (50%) achieved significance (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of acute mesenteric ischaemia is 0.49% of all cases undergoing CPB. A.M.Isc. is a common association with death following CPB (11%). It appears to be significantly associated with the presence of peripheral vascular disease, IABP use, the development of post-operative renal failure, operation type and priority, smoking, duration of CPB and cross-clamp time. Surprisingly, it was not linked to general risk factors for vascular disease.
| Item Type | Article |
|---|---|
| Keywords | Acute Disease, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiopulmonary Bypass/*adverse effects/methods/mortality, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping/adverse effects, Ischemia/etiology/*mortality, Kidney Failure/complications, Ligation, Logistic Models, Male, Mesentery, Middle Aged, Peripheral Vascular Diseases/complications, Peritoneal Diseases/*mortality, Postoperative Complications/*mortality, Retrospective Studies, Smoking/adverse effects, *Splanchnic Circulation, Time Factors, Acute Disease, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, adverse effects, methods, mortality, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping, adverse effects, Ischemia, etiology, mortality, Kidney Failure, complications, Ligation, Logistic Models, Male, Mesentery, Middle Aged, Peripheral Vascular Diseases, complications, Peritoneal Diseases, mortality, Postoperative Complications, mortality, Retrospective Studies, Smoking, adverse effects, Splanchnic Circulation, Time Factors |
| ISI | 178785700008 |