Severe malaria: what's new on the pathogenesis front?

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe and fatal form of malaria in humans with over half a million deaths each year. Cerebral malaria (CM), a complex neurological syndrome of severe falciparum malaria, is often fatal and represents a major public health burden. Despite vigorous efforts, the pathophysiology of CM remains to be elucidated, thereby hindering the development of adjunctive therapies. In recent years, multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches have led to groundbreaking progress both in the laboratory and in the field. Here we review the latest breakthroughs in severe malaria pathogenesis, with a specific focus on new pathogenetic mechanisms leading to CM. The most recent findings point towards specific parasite phenotypes targeting brain microvasculature, endothelial dysfunction and subsequent oedema-induced brain swelling.