Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.
;
Paul Dp Pharoah;
Dirkje S Postma;
Anneli Pouta;
Katri Pylkäs;
Paolo Radice;
Susan Ring;
Fernando Rivadeneira;
Antonietta Robino;
Lynda M Rose;
Anja Rudolph;
Veikko Salomaa;
Serena Sanna;
David Schlessinger;
Marjanka K Schmidt;
Mellissa C Southey;
Ulla Sovio;
Meir J Stampfer;
Doris Stöckl;
Anna M Storniolo;
Nicholas J Timpson;
Jonathan Tyrer;
Jenny A Visser;
Peter Vollenweider;
Henry Völzke;
Gerard Waeber;
Melanie Waldenberger;
Henri Wallaschofski;
Qin Wang;
Gonneke Willemsen;
Robert Winqvist;
Bruce Hr Wolffenbuttel;
Margaret J Wright;
Australian Ovarian Cancer Study;
GENICA Network;
kConFab;
LifeLines Cohort Study;
InterAct Consortium;
Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium;
Dorret I Boomsma;
Michael J Econs;
Kay-Tee Khaw;
Ruth Jf Loos;
Mark I McCarthy;
Grant W Montgomery;
John P Rice;
Elizabeth A Streeten;
Unnur Thorsteinsdottir;
Cornelia M van Duijn;
Behrooz Z Alizadeh;
Sven Bergmann;
Eric Boerwinkle;
Heather A Boyd;
Laura Crisponi;
Paolo Gasparini;
Christian Gieger;
Tamara B Harris;
Erik Ingelsson;
Marjo-Riitta Järvelin;
Peter Kraft;
Debbie Lawlor;
Andres Metspalu;
Craig E Pennell;
Paul M Ridker;
Harold Snieder;
Thorkild Ia Sørensen;
Tim D Spector;
David P Strachan;
André G Uitterlinden;
Nicholas J Wareham;
Elisabeth Widen;
Marek Zygmunt;
Anna Murray;
Douglas F Easton;
Kari Stefansson;
Joanne M Murabito;
Ken K Ong;
(2014)
Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.
Nature, 514 (7520).
pp. 92-97.
ISSN 0028-0836
DOI: 10.1038/nature13545
Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
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