Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium;
S Hong Lee;
Stephan Ripke;
Benjamin M Neale;
Stephen V Faraone;
Shaun M Purcell;
Roy H Perlis;
Bryan J Mowry;
Anita Thapar;
Michael E Goddard;
+362 more...
John S Witte;
Devin Absher;
Ingrid Agartz;
Huda Akil;
Farooq Amin;
Ole A Andreassen;
Adebayo Anjorin;
Richard Anney;
Verneri Anttila;
Dan E Arking;
Philip Asherson;
Maria H Azevedo;
Lena Backlund;
Judith A Badner;
Anthony J Bailey;
Tobias Banaschewski;
Jack D Barchas;
Michael R Barnes;
Thomas B Barrett;
Nicholas Bass;
Agatino Battaglia;
Michael Bauer;
Mònica Bayés;
Frank Bellivier;
Sarah E Bergen;
Wade Berrettini;
Catalina Betancur;
Thomas Bettecken;
Joseph Biederman;
Elisabeth B Binder;
Donald W Black;
Douglas HR Blackwood;
Cinnamon S Bloss;
Michael Boehnke;
Dorret I Boomsma;
Gerome Breen;
René Breuer;
Richard Bruggeman;
Paul Cormican;
Nancy G Buccola;
Jan K Buitelaar;
William E Bunney;
Joseph D Buxbaum;
William F Byerley;
Enda M Byrne;
Sian Caesar;
Wiepke Cahn;
Rita M Cantor;
Miguel Casas;
Aravinda Chakravarti;
Kimberly Chambert;
Khalid Choudhury;
Sven Cichon;
C Robert Cloninger;
David A Collier;
Edwin H Cook;
Hilary Coon;
Bru Cormand;
Aiden Corvin;
William H Coryell;
David W Craig;
Ian W Craig;
Jennifer Crosbie;
Michael L Cuccaro;
David Curtis;
Darina Czamara;
Susmita Datta;
Geraldine Dawson;
Richard Day;
Eco J De Geus;
Franziska Degenhardt;
Srdjan Djurovic;
Gary J Donohoe;
Alysa E Doyle;
Jubao Duan;
Frank Dudbridge 
;
Eftichia Duketis;
Richard P Ebstein;
Howard J Edenberg;
Josephine Elia;
Sean Ennis;
Bruno Etain;
Ayman Fanous;
Anne E Farmer;
I Nicol Ferrier;
Matthew Flickinger;
Eric Fombonne;
Tatiana Foroud;
Josef Frank;
Barbara Franke;
Christine Fraser;
Robert Freedman;
Nelson B Freimer;
Christine M Freitag;
Marion Friedl;
Louise Frisén;
Louise Gallagher;
Pablo V Gejman;
Lyudmila Georgieva;
Elliot S Gershon;
Daniel H Geschwind;
Ina Giegling;
Michael Gill;
Scott D Gordon;
Katherine Gordon-Smith;
Elaine K Green;
Tiffany A Greenwood;
Dorothy E Grice;
Magdalena Gross;
Detelina Grozeva;
Weihua Guan;
Hugh Gurling;
Lieuwe De Haan;
Jonathan L Haines;
Hakon Hakonarson;
Joachim Hallmayer;
Steven P Hamilton;
Marian L Hamshere;
Thomas F Hansen;
Annette M Hartmann;
Martin Hautzinger;
Andrew C Heath;
Anjali K Henders;
Stefan Herms;
Ian B Hickie;
Maria Hipolito;
Susanne Hoefels;
Peter A Holmans;
Florian Holsboer;
Witte J Hoogendijk;
Jouke-Jan Hottenga;
Christina M Hultman;
Vanessa Hus;
Andrés Ingason;
Marcus Ising;
Stéphane Jamain;
Edward G Jones;
Ian Jones;
Lisa Jones;
Jung-Ying Tzeng;
Anna K Kähler;
René S Kahn;
Radhika Kandaswamy;
Matthew C Keller;
James L Kennedy;
Elaine Kenny;
Lindsey Kent;
Yunjung Kim;
George K Kirov;
Sabine M Klauck;
Lambertus Klei;
James A Knowles;
Martin A Kohli;
Daniel L Koller;
Bettina Konte;
Ania Korszun;
Lydia Krabbendam;
Robert Krasucki;
Jonna Kuntsi;
Phoenix Kwan;
Mikael Landén;
Niklas Långström;
Mark Lathrop;
Jacob Lawrence;
William B Lawson;
Marion Leboyer;
David H Ledbetter;
Phil H Lee;
Todd Lencz;
Klaus-Peter Lesch;
Douglas F Levinson;
Cathryn M Lewis;
Jun Li;
Paul Lichtenstein;
Jeffrey A Lieberman;
Dan-Yu Lin;
Don H Linszen;
Chunyu Liu;
Falk W Lohoff;
Sandra K Loo;
Catherine Lord;
Jennifer K Lowe;
Susanne Lucae;
Donald J MacIntyre;
Pamela AF Madden;
Elena Maestrini;
Patrik KE Magnusson;
Pamela B Mahon;
Wolfgang Maier;
Anil K Malhotra;
Shrikant M Mane;
Christa L Martin;
Nicholas G Martin;
Manuel Mattheisen;
Keith Matthews;
Morten Mattingsdal;
Steven A McCarroll;
Kevin A McGhee;
James J McGough;
Patrick J McGrath;
Peter McGuffin;
Melvin G McInnis;
Andrew McIntosh;
Rebecca McKinney;
Alan W McLean;
Francis J McMahon;
William M McMahon;
Andrew McQuillin;
Helena Medeiros;
Sarah E Medland;
Sandra Meier;
Ingrid Melle;
Fan Meng;
Jobst Meyer;
Christel M Middeldorp;
Lefkos Middleton;
Vihra Milanova;
Ana Miranda;
Anthony P Monaco;
Grant W Montgomery;
Jennifer L Moran;
Daniel Moreno-De-Luca;
Gunnar Morken;
Derek W Morris;
Eric M Morrow;
Valentina Moskvina;
Pierandrea Muglia;
Thomas W Mühleisen;
Walter J Muir;
Bertram Müller-Myhsok;
Michael Murtha;
Richard M Myers;
Inez Myin-Germeys;
Michael C Neale;
Stan F Nelson;
Caroline M Nievergelt;
Ivan Nikolov;
Vishwajit Nimgaonkar;
Willem A Nolen;
Markus M Nöthen;
John I Nurnberger;
Evaristus A Nwulia;
Dale R Nyholt;
Colm O'Dushlaine;
Robert D Oades;
Ann Olincy;
Guiomar Oliveira;
Line Olsen;
Roel A Ophoff;
Urban Osby;
Michael J Owen;
Aarno Palotie;
Jeremy R Parr;
Andrew D Paterson;
Carlos N Pato;
Michele T Pato;
Brenda W Penninx;
Michele L Pergadia;
Margaret A Pericak-Vance;
Benjamin S Pickard;
Jonathan Pimm;
Joseph Piven;
Danielle Posthuma;
James B Potash;
Fritz Poustka;
Peter Propping;
Vinay Puri;
Digby J Quested;
Emma M Quinn;
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga;
Henrik B Rasmussen;
Soumya Raychaudhuri;
Karola Rehnström;
Andreas Reif;
Marta Ribasés;
John P Rice;
Marcella Rietschel;
Kathryn Roeder;
Herbert Roeyers;
Lizzy Rossin;
Aribert Rothenberger;
Guy Rouleau;
Douglas Ruderfer;
Dan Rujescu;
Alan R Sanders;
Stephan J Sanders;
Susan L Santangelo;
Joseph A Sergeant;
Russell Schachar;
Martin Schalling;
Alan F Schatzberg;
William A Scheftner;
Gerard D Schellenberg;
Stephen W Scherer;
Nicholas J Schork;
Thomas G Schulze;
Johannes Schumacher;
Markus Schwarz;
Edward Scolnick;
Laura J Scott;
Jianxin Shi;
Paul D Shilling;
Stanley I Shyn;
Jeremy M Silverman;
Susan L Slager;
Susan L Smalley;
Johannes H Smit;
Erin N Smith;
Edmund JS Sonuga-Barke;
David St Clair;
Matthew State;
Michael Steffens;
Hans-Christoph Steinhausen;
John S Strauss;
Jana Strohmaier;
T Scott Stroup;
James S Sutcliffe;
Peter Szatmari;
Szabocls Szelinger;
Srinivasa Thirumalai;
Robert C Thompson;
Alexandre A Todorov;
Federica Tozzi;
Jens Treutlein;
Manfred Uhr;
Edwin JCG van den Oord;
Gerard Van Grootheest;
Jim Van Os;
Astrid M Vicente;
Veronica J Vieland;
John B Vincent;
Peter M Visscher;
Christopher A Walsh;
Thomas H Wassink;
Stanley J Watson;
Myrna M Weissman;
Thomas Werge;
Thomas F Wienker;
Ellen M Wijsman;
Gonneke Willemsen;
Nigel Williams;
A Jeremy Willsey;
Stephanie H Witt;
Wei Xu;
Allan H Young;
Timothy W Yu;
Stanley Zammit;
Peter P Zandi;
Peng Zhang;
Frans G Zitman;
Sebastian Zöllner;
Bernie Devlin;
John R Kelsoe;
Pamela Sklar;
Mark J Daly;
Michael C O'Donovan;
Nicholas Craddock;
Patrick F Sullivan;
Jordan W Smoller;
Kenneth S Kendler;
Naomi R Wray;
International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (II;
(2013)
Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.
Nature genetics, 45 (9).
pp. 984-994.
ISSN 1061-4036
DOI: 10.1038/ng.2711
;
Eftichia Duketis;
Richard P Ebstein;
Howard J Edenberg;
Josephine Elia;
Sean Ennis;
Bruno Etain;
Ayman Fanous;
Anne E Farmer;
I Nicol Ferrier;
Matthew Flickinger;
Eric Fombonne;
Tatiana Foroud;
Josef Frank;
Barbara Franke;
Christine Fraser;
Robert Freedman;
Nelson B Freimer;
Christine M Freitag;
Marion Friedl;
Louise Frisén;
Louise Gallagher;
Pablo V Gejman;
Lyudmila Georgieva;
Elliot S Gershon;
Daniel H Geschwind;
Ina Giegling;
Michael Gill;
Scott D Gordon;
Katherine Gordon-Smith;
Elaine K Green;
Tiffany A Greenwood;
Dorothy E Grice;
Magdalena Gross;
Detelina Grozeva;
Weihua Guan;
Hugh Gurling;
Lieuwe De Haan;
Jonathan L Haines;
Hakon Hakonarson;
Joachim Hallmayer;
Steven P Hamilton;
Marian L Hamshere;
Thomas F Hansen;
Annette M Hartmann;
Martin Hautzinger;
Andrew C Heath;
Anjali K Henders;
Stefan Herms;
Ian B Hickie;
Maria Hipolito;
Susanne Hoefels;
Peter A Holmans;
Florian Holsboer;
Witte J Hoogendijk;
Jouke-Jan Hottenga;
Christina M Hultman;
Vanessa Hus;
Andrés Ingason;
Marcus Ising;
Stéphane Jamain;
Edward G Jones;
Ian Jones;
Lisa Jones;
Jung-Ying Tzeng;
Anna K Kähler;
René S Kahn;
Radhika Kandaswamy;
Matthew C Keller;
James L Kennedy;
Elaine Kenny;
Lindsey Kent;
Yunjung Kim;
George K Kirov;
Sabine M Klauck;
Lambertus Klei;
James A Knowles;
Martin A Kohli;
Daniel L Koller;
Bettina Konte;
Ania Korszun;
Lydia Krabbendam;
Robert Krasucki;
Jonna Kuntsi;
Phoenix Kwan;
Mikael Landén;
Niklas Långström;
Mark Lathrop;
Jacob Lawrence;
William B Lawson;
Marion Leboyer;
David H Ledbetter;
Phil H Lee;
Todd Lencz;
Klaus-Peter Lesch;
Douglas F Levinson;
Cathryn M Lewis;
Jun Li;
Paul Lichtenstein;
Jeffrey A Lieberman;
Dan-Yu Lin;
Don H Linszen;
Chunyu Liu;
Falk W Lohoff;
Sandra K Loo;
Catherine Lord;
Jennifer K Lowe;
Susanne Lucae;
Donald J MacIntyre;
Pamela AF Madden;
Elena Maestrini;
Patrik KE Magnusson;
Pamela B Mahon;
Wolfgang Maier;
Anil K Malhotra;
Shrikant M Mane;
Christa L Martin;
Nicholas G Martin;
Manuel Mattheisen;
Keith Matthews;
Morten Mattingsdal;
Steven A McCarroll;
Kevin A McGhee;
James J McGough;
Patrick J McGrath;
Peter McGuffin;
Melvin G McInnis;
Andrew McIntosh;
Rebecca McKinney;
Alan W McLean;
Francis J McMahon;
William M McMahon;
Andrew McQuillin;
Helena Medeiros;
Sarah E Medland;
Sandra Meier;
Ingrid Melle;
Fan Meng;
Jobst Meyer;
Christel M Middeldorp;
Lefkos Middleton;
Vihra Milanova;
Ana Miranda;
Anthony P Monaco;
Grant W Montgomery;
Jennifer L Moran;
Daniel Moreno-De-Luca;
Gunnar Morken;
Derek W Morris;
Eric M Morrow;
Valentina Moskvina;
Pierandrea Muglia;
Thomas W Mühleisen;
Walter J Muir;
Bertram Müller-Myhsok;
Michael Murtha;
Richard M Myers;
Inez Myin-Germeys;
Michael C Neale;
Stan F Nelson;
Caroline M Nievergelt;
Ivan Nikolov;
Vishwajit Nimgaonkar;
Willem A Nolen;
Markus M Nöthen;
John I Nurnberger;
Evaristus A Nwulia;
Dale R Nyholt;
Colm O'Dushlaine;
Robert D Oades;
Ann Olincy;
Guiomar Oliveira;
Line Olsen;
Roel A Ophoff;
Urban Osby;
Michael J Owen;
Aarno Palotie;
Jeremy R Parr;
Andrew D Paterson;
Carlos N Pato;
Michele T Pato;
Brenda W Penninx;
Michele L Pergadia;
Margaret A Pericak-Vance;
Benjamin S Pickard;
Jonathan Pimm;
Joseph Piven;
Danielle Posthuma;
James B Potash;
Fritz Poustka;
Peter Propping;
Vinay Puri;
Digby J Quested;
Emma M Quinn;
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga;
Henrik B Rasmussen;
Soumya Raychaudhuri;
Karola Rehnström;
Andreas Reif;
Marta Ribasés;
John P Rice;
Marcella Rietschel;
Kathryn Roeder;
Herbert Roeyers;
Lizzy Rossin;
Aribert Rothenberger;
Guy Rouleau;
Douglas Ruderfer;
Dan Rujescu;
Alan R Sanders;
Stephan J Sanders;
Susan L Santangelo;
Joseph A Sergeant;
Russell Schachar;
Martin Schalling;
Alan F Schatzberg;
William A Scheftner;
Gerard D Schellenberg;
Stephen W Scherer;
Nicholas J Schork;
Thomas G Schulze;
Johannes Schumacher;
Markus Schwarz;
Edward Scolnick;
Laura J Scott;
Jianxin Shi;
Paul D Shilling;
Stanley I Shyn;
Jeremy M Silverman;
Susan L Slager;
Susan L Smalley;
Johannes H Smit;
Erin N Smith;
Edmund JS Sonuga-Barke;
David St Clair;
Matthew State;
Michael Steffens;
Hans-Christoph Steinhausen;
John S Strauss;
Jana Strohmaier;
T Scott Stroup;
James S Sutcliffe;
Peter Szatmari;
Szabocls Szelinger;
Srinivasa Thirumalai;
Robert C Thompson;
Alexandre A Todorov;
Federica Tozzi;
Jens Treutlein;
Manfred Uhr;
Edwin JCG van den Oord;
Gerard Van Grootheest;
Jim Van Os;
Astrid M Vicente;
Veronica J Vieland;
John B Vincent;
Peter M Visscher;
Christopher A Walsh;
Thomas H Wassink;
Stanley J Watson;
Myrna M Weissman;
Thomas Werge;
Thomas F Wienker;
Ellen M Wijsman;
Gonneke Willemsen;
Nigel Williams;
A Jeremy Willsey;
Stephanie H Witt;
Wei Xu;
Allan H Young;
Timothy W Yu;
Stanley Zammit;
Peter P Zandi;
Peng Zhang;
Frans G Zitman;
Sebastian Zöllner;
Bernie Devlin;
John R Kelsoe;
Pamela Sklar;
Mark J Daly;
Michael C O'Donovan;
Nicholas Craddock;
Patrick F Sullivan;
Jordan W Smoller;
Kenneth S Kendler;
Naomi R Wray;
International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (II;
(2013)
Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs.
Nature genetics, 45 (9).
pp. 984-994.
ISSN 1061-4036
DOI: 10.1038/ng.2711
Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17-29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 ± 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 ± 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 ± 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 ± 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 ± 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohn's disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.
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